Table grape growers at long last signed their first union contracts, granting workers better pay, benefits, and protections. Jon Lewis/Courtesy of LeRoy Chatfield After exploring images related to the farmworkers' movement, students will watch a video that explains the events that occurred in the first year of the strike. The strike also catapulted its leader . After taking a vote from his members, Chavez and his union joined the strike on Sept. 16, 1965, Mexican Independence Day. Chronicles of American Women: Your History Makers, Women Writing History: A Coronavirus Journaling Project, We Who Believe in Freedom: Black Feminist DC, Learning Resources on Women's Political Participation. When the NFWA joined the strikers, they were shocked at how violent the growers were towards the Filipino workers. They demanded a raise both in their hourly wages, from $1.25 to $1.40, and in the piece rate (the pay a worker earned for each box of grapes packed). What might be the consequences if an entire group is made to feel invisible or ignored? Two and a half years into the strike, during the winter of 1967-68, some strikers, especially some young men, were impatient. On September 8, 1965, over 800 Filipino farmworkers affiliated with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) struck ten grape vineyards around Delano. [11][12][13], Preceding the Delano grape strike was another grape strike organized by Filipino farm workers that occurred in Coachella Valley, California on May 3, 1965. It's fast, easy, and free! Delano grape strike (1965-1970), US v. Wheeler (1978) . Interaction Interaction It ended with, It is my deepest belief that only by giving our lives to we find life. Shortly after this, the National Farm Workers Association and the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee merged and became known as the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. It was an act of penitence for those who advocated violence and a way of taking responsibility as leader of his movement. After melon workers went on strike in Texas, growers held the first union representation elections in the region, and the UFW became the first union to ever sign a contract with a grower in Texas. On September 7, 1965, Filipino grape workers in Delano, California voted to strike rather than accept the reduced wages proposed by grape growers. May 4, 1970 Meanwhile, Dollars & Sense writes that the grape growers continued to bring in strikebreakers by any means necessary. People driving by in trucks would shoot at and wound workers at the picket line, according to The New York Times, and police also arrested hundreds of workers for violating picket line injunctions as well as assault charges. In 1965, Chavez and the United Farm Workers joined with Filipino American grape workers in a boycott against California-based Delano grapes. The strike of lettuce pickers and packers in . 1968 Many farmworkers were denied a living wage or basic necessities, such as sufficient housing, healthcare, or education for their children. The local sheriff would even illegally place people in jail if he believed they might join the picket line. Prepare the Gallery Walk (activity 2) in advance by printing the images from the handout Gallery Walk Images: Farmworkers Movement and displaying them around the classroom on walls or tables. Strikes and lockouts--Vineyard laborers--California; Closely Matching Concepts from Other Schemes. Analyze how current interpretations of the past are limited by the extent to which available historical sources represent perspectives of people at the time. On May 10, UFW supporters picketed Safeway stores throughout the U.S. and Canada in celebration of International Grape Boycott Day. [31][32] The contracts included timed pay increase, health, and other benefits.[33]. He asked strikers take a solemn vow to remain nonviolent. They were the Filipino grape pickers who 40 years ago called a strike. pay raises for employees safety protections from pesticides education opportunities health care benefits affordable housing 2 Csar Chvez shakes hands with John Giumarra Jr. after signing an agreement to end the strike. Indeed, the founders had consciously shied away from that title and offered many services beyond a typical labor organization. While some California growers agreed to pay all their workers the minimum rate of $1.40 and continued hiring braceros, other growers decided to hire Filipino workers for $1.25 per hour and Mexican-Americans for $1.10 per hour, according to "The Farmworkers' Journey." 1965 3d. According to History of Yesterday, the United States government specifically sought out young single Filipino cisgender men for labor. Within two weeks of the start of the strike, Filipino grape workers were joined by the Latinx workers. Two veteran organizers, Larry Itliong and Ben Gines, led the strike. Gabriela Calderon-Espinal, Bay Shore, NY. The grape became a looking glass. What happened after that made civil rights . Itliong a five foot five, cigar-chomping union veteran organized 1,5000 Filipino laborers to strike against the grape growers of Delano, California for the federal minimum wage. Tell students that in this activity, they will be exploring images related to the farmworkers movement in California. Some didnt understand why Cesar was doing it. "Some of them were beaten up by the growers [who] would shut off the gas and the lights and the water in the labor camps," per Dollars & Sense. Cesar and the leaders of the NFWA believed it would be years before their fledgling union was ready for a strike. There was a lot of support towards nonviolent protest across the country and he wanted to continue with that focus. New York: Norton, 1975. What began as a fight for higher wages in Delano had now become a referendum on the right of farmworkers to organize and enjoy basic labor protections. In this lesson, students will learn about the initial phase of the grape workers strike that occurred in Californias San Joaquin Valley from 1965 to 1966. 1082, A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees, disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment Students should write a short reflection on the image, using the following prompts: What strategy do you think this image depicts? Published: 2. Although Chavez was initially reluctant to join the strike, after taking Itliong's proposition back to Dolores Huerta and the rest of the NFWA members, they decided "in a unanimous vote" to join the Filipinos in their strike. The boycott connected middle-class families in big cities with poor farm worker families in the California vineyards. "The significance was to show support for Chavez and the work of the . On September 7, 1965, Filipino grape workers in Delano, California voted to strike rather than accept the reduced wages proposed by grape growers. According to the Global Nonviolent Action Database, the UFWA signed contracts that affected 20,000 grape workers. March 15, 2020. Thick Tule fog shrouded the valley, making things seem even drearier. Maybe the brothers would be too young to understand the speeches at the 50th anniversary of the Delano grape strike, but when Flores, 53, was a 12-year-old carrying a United Farm Workers flag . And when the Bracero program ended, "Border Patrol opened the border, and trucks hauling strikebreakers roared up through the desert every night. Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. Much after the strike, Itliong decided to leave the UFW due to disagreements and different views. [41] Particularly forgotten was the efforts of Filipino Americans in the strike. Period 8 APUSH. The two unions worked together, sharing picket lines, food and a union hall. One of the organizers of this strike, Dolores Huerta, gave a speech at a rally in Sacramento, California, on April 10, 1966. On September 8, 1965, Filipino American grape workers, members of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, walked out on strike against Delano-area table and wine grape growers protesting years of poor pay and conditions. The following day, over 2,000 Filipino farm workers walked off the grape vineyards and set up picket lines at the ranch of every grower. United Farm Workers Grape Strike, Calif., 1965-1970. 1 Larry Itliong was a Filipino American organizer and community leader who played an important role in the farm labor movement, including the Delano Grape Strike of the 1960s. Mapping UFW Strikes, Boycotts, and Farm Worker Actions 1965-1975 shows over 1,000 farm worker strikes, boycotts, and other actions. The following day, over 2,000 Filipino farm workers walked off the grape vineyards and set up picket lines at the ranch of every grower. 1971, Ohio National Guardsmen fired 67 bullets into a crowd of students, killing four and wounding 9 others on the campus, news spread, students at hundreds of colleges and universities turned out in mass demonstrations to protest widening the war in SE Asia and increasing violence on campus, about 5 million students joined the national student strike boycotting classes for the remainder of the week news of Kent State massacre spread to Vietnam, some US troops refused orders to invade Cambodia, others wore black armbands to demonstrate their solidarity with students at home However, most of the growers continued to refuse to negotiate with the union, and the United Farm Workers organized a national boycott of grapes to place additional pressure on the growers. 2 [6][9] On July 1970, the strike resulted in a victory for farm workers, due largely to a consumer boycott of non-union grapes, when a collective bargaining agreement was reached with major table grape growers, affecting more than 10,000 farm workers. They attacked voters, overturned tables and even smashed ballot boxes. The NFWA decided to support the strike, and in 1966, the two unions merged into the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (United Farm Workers). [38] The hiring hall system was established with the intent of ending farm workers' migration cycle, which the UFW believed would make for more organized and efficient harvesting. [Shaw, Randy. Labor activists, spearheaded the organization of Chicano agricultural workers into the United Farm Workers, UFW, the first successful union of migrant workers, 1965, strike of grape pickers in the fields around the Delano, CA and a nationwide boycott of table grapes brought Chavez and the UFW into the media spotlight, advocated nonviolent . Over the next decade, the union would repeatedly make use of the boycott, refining its strategy and approach depending on the crop and the employer. [8] Chavez initially declined Itliong's request because he believed the NFWA was not financially stable enough to join the strike. Students will explore the events of the first year (196566) of the Delano grape strike. However, because farmworkers were explicitly excluded from federal labor laws, the Taft-Hartley restrictions did not apply to them. The march succeeded in bringing national attention and the first negotiations between vineyard owners and the union. [25] The increased pressure from supporters in the business sector led to the farm workers victory and acquisition of union contracts that immediately raised wages and established hiring halls in Delano, Coachella, and Lamont. This year, Hispanic Heritage Month coincides with the 50 th anniversary of the beginning of the Delano Grape Strike, and provides us with an opportunity to pay tribute to two great labor leaders who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and helped to organize one of the most successful strikes in labor historyCesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. Write about a time you felt invisible to others. Before viewing the images, briefly go over the events of the strike, using the. First ed. Browse e12806.ufw resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers . Despite having differences, the farmers worked together and got the pay raise and the additional bonus per grape box and better working conditions. For the first time in American history, Cesar and the United Farm Workers (the result of a merger in 1966 between the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the National Farm Workers Association) decided to use a boycott in a major labor dispute. This was an attempt to pressure the growers and the state government to answer the demands of the Mexican American and Filipino American farm workers which represented the Filipino-dominated Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the Mexican-dominated National Farm Workers Association, led by Cesar Chavez. How can writing and the power of one's voice help us respond to these disparities? Guide students analysis of a photograph, artwork, or video with this simple critical-viewing strategy. Keith is a member of Graham Media Group's Digital Content Team, which produces content for all the company's news websites. Only a few months earlier, AWOC had won similar concessions for grape workers in the Coachella Valley, which gave the Delano strike added urgency. There were some bumps in the road. That is the power in the Delano Grape Strike." It took five years of striking, plus an international boycott of table grapes, before growers signed contracts with the United Farm Workers. [25], Chavez's successful boycotting campaigns in the docks inspired him to launch a formal boycott against the two largest corporations which were involved in the Delano grape industry, Schenley Industries and the DiGiorgio Corporation. Labor organizations, including most AFL-CIO unions, faced strict restrictions when it came to boycotting companies or products. In July of 1970, most of the major growers in the Delano area agreed to pay grape pickers $1.80 an hour (plus 20 cents for each box picked), contribute to the union health plan, and ensure that . Use the Think, Pair, Share teaching strategy to lead a final discussion on what students learned during the lesson. of the Strike to Bring Fair Wages for Farm Workers: RFK, Jr. consumer surplus, and deadweight loss would change. [29] Chavez sent two workers and a student activist to follow a grape shipment from one of the picketed growers to the end destination at the Oakland docks. This event sparked the decision to use the protest tactic of boycotting as the means by which the labor movement would win the struggle against the Delano grape growers. The growers would push protesters, punch the strikers and jab elbows in to their ribs. Tell students that in this lesson, they will be learning about a strike organized by farmworkers on vineyards in Delano, California. Copyright (c) 2023 United Farm Workers All rights reserved. At the time, Csar Chvez and Dolores Huerta led another union in the San Joaquin Valley, the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which was comprised mostly of Mexican-American farmworkers. The strike not only was a win for those workers in 1970, but it set a standard for the rights of farm workers all across America in future years. Two and a half years into the strike, during the winter of 1967-68, some strikers, especially some young men, were impatient. farm-labor movement. 5. "United States capital interests wanted Asian male workers but not their families, because detaching the male worker from a heterosexual family structure meant he would be cheaper labor.". For 100 years before Cesar Chavez, farm workers tried, and failed, to organize a union. D2.Civ.10.9-12. [25], This initial successful boycott was followed by a series of picket lines on Bay Area docks. Instead, they hired replacement workers, or "scabs," from elsewhere in California and as far away as Oregon, Texas, and Mexico to complete the fall 1965 harvest. The Schenley boycott was only the beginning. Which benefits were a result of the Delano grape strike? From the beginning this would be a different kind of strike. "Prior to the strike, farmworkers faced miserable working conditions, which are by all means horrific. According to the film. Supporters formed a boycott committee in Vancouver, prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years. According to The Voluntown Peace Trust, the Delano grape strike also laid the groundwork for the Gallo Wine Boycott of 1973-1978. [39] The 2014 film Cesar Chavez[40] highlights his role in the labor movement. California Grape Workers Strike Timeline, Gallery Walk Images: Farmworkers Movement, California Grape Workers Strike Viewing Guide, California Grape Workers Strike Viewing Guide. Some of the strikers equated nonviolence with inaction or even cowardice. It took a lot of effort and planning before the grape strike was able to take place. The story of farm labor organizer Larry Itliong and a group of Filipino farm workers who instigated one of the American farm labor movement's finest hours - The Delano Grape Strike of . Cesar read about Gandhis boycott of salt in 1930. It might have been a direct descendent of the Pullman . By mid-September, the UFW won the right to represent 4,500 workers at 24 farms, while the Teamsters won the right to represent 4,000 workers at 14 farms. The strike began mainly with workers of Filipino ancestry, organized by Larry Itliong and the union called the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). [25], On July 29, 1970, the grape strike and boycott ended, when grape growers signed labor contracts with the union. These are the readings, videos, and images, available in English and Spanish, that students use throughout the one 50-min class period lesson plan. Kent State University Part of a series of articles titled According to United Farm Workers, this was meant to be Chavez's "act of penitence" for those who'd engaged in violent behavior as well as a "way of taking responsibility.". The Delano grape strike lasted five years, which included an international boycott of table grapes. According to the documentary Delano Manongs, Cesar Chavez was caught unaware by the September 1965 strike. A photograph of Delano Grape Strike picketers in Delano, California, February 1966. And unbeknownst at the start, it would become a pivotal movement for agricultural workers. There was also a risk that the growers might draw from the large population of Mexican and Mexican American farmworkers to replace the striking Filipino crews. Senator Robert Kennedy (L) breaks bread with Union Leader Cesar Chavez as Chavez ended a 23-day fast in support of non-violence in the strike against grape growers. A poster calling for a boycott of Delano grapes detailed some of the violence that strikers had experienced, which also included being prevented from entering labor camps to talk with other workers, and being forced to attend anti-UFW meetings, or else risk losing their jobs. 28 terms. He carefully followed Dr. Kings Montgomery bus boycott in the mid-1950s. He recruited many people and eventually was asked to move to Delano to lead Filipino grape farmers. The mayors of New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities pledged their support, and many of them altered their cities grape purchases to support the boycott. In 1968, in an attempt to "draw attention to the violence being used against the striking farm workers and to reaffirm his belief for nonviolence," NBC News reports that Chavez started a fast that lasted 25 days. Araiza, Lauren. But for Cesar, nonviolence was more than a tactic or strategy that could be discarded if it wasnt working. America The Road to Sacramento: Marching for Justice in the Fields. It took nearly five years of being on the picket lines and personal sacrifices before an agreement was finalized in July 1970 after a sizable boycott of grapes. They demanded a raise both in their hourly wages, from $1.25 to $1.40, and in the piece rate (the pay a worker earned for each box of grapes packed). The ongoing Black Freedom Struggle provided both inspiration and allies to the farm workers. Politics While there was temptation to resort to violence against grape growers that abused . He believed nonviolence forces you to be creativethat it lets you maintain the offensive, which is crucial to winning any contest. The boycott had the potential to exert real economic pressure on the growers, perhaps even enough to finally bring them to the negotiating table. So, what exactly made the strike so historic? [14][15] Because the majority of strikers were over 50 years old and did not have families of their own due to anti-miscegenation laws, they were willing to risk what little they had to fight for higher wages. He said, the whole essence of nonviolent action is getting a lot of people involved, vast numbers doing little things.. The National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) had now emerged as an influential force in the community. In 1966, Mexican and Filipino grape pickers in California joined together to strike for better working conditions. The NFWA membership voted overwhelmingly in favor of the strike, and within a few days, NFWA was picketing ten additional vineyards, in addition to the sites already targeted by AWOC. Huerta was born April 10, 1930, in the town of Dawson, New Mexico. However, because NFWA members expressed a desire to support the Filipinos' efforts, Chavez decided to hold an emergency conference at the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church (Iglesia Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe) on September 16 to allow NFWA members to decide for themselves whether or not to join the struggle at Delano. Includes: Interviews, speeches, congressional testimony, diary entries, and firsthand recollections from the early 1960s to the present 1974 [27], After a record harvest in the fall of 1965, thousands of California farm workers went on strike and demanded union representation elections. Cesar led a 300-mile march, or perigrinacion, from Delano to Sacramento. The Studio (1969) is a telling portrait of the motion-picture industry as seen through the eyes of . Specifically, the NFWA targeted the exclusion of farmworkers from the National Labor Relations Act, which had enabled growers to refuse to recognize farmworker unions for decades. Farm workers were excluded from federal laws passed during the 1930s that protected other kinds of workers. A Catholic mass was said daily near where Cesar was fasting in a tiny windowless room of an adobe-walled gas station at the Forty Acres, the UFW headquarters outside Delano. Dolores Huerta and Csar Chvez used nonviolent action in their efforts to push for farmworkers rights. [13] To prevent the strike from ending in failure, Itliong sought out the help of Cesar Chavez, who was the leader of the newly established NFWA. According to United Farm Workers, the strike was different from others from the beginning. But Cesar and the farm workers showed ordinary people that by making little sacrifices every dayby not eating grapesthey could directly help the poorest of the poor. D2.His.8.9-12. This is the untold story of the Delano grape strike. Organizers and volunteers gathered in cities across the country to generate support, picketing businesses like grocery stores, bars, and liquor stores that sold Schenley products. Picketing continued throughout the country, including in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Florida. The truest act of courage, the strongest act of manliness, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent struggle for justice. [42][43] For example, in the 2014 film, the Filipinos role was largely absent, except for one speaking line and a few group shots.[44]. According to The Californian, during the boycott 12% of Americans said that they avoided eating California grapes. Across the United States, people donated clothing, food, and money to the United Farm Workers of America (UFWA), which was born a year into the strike out of the union of the AWOC and the NFWA. This, and nothing more, is what farmworkers want. For Chavez and the NFWA, this meant granting farm workers the explicit right to form unions and collectively bargain with growers--the same rights enjoyed by workers in most other professions in the United States. [17] After the strike in Coachella, farm workers followed the grape-picking season and moved north to Delano. Schenley was a nationally known company, with millions in liquor sales each year. Despite this remarkable show of unity by the farmworkers, the regions growers were confident that they could defeat this latest attempt at organizing and they refused to negotiate with the farmworkers on strike. Are limited by the Latinx workers the groundwork for the Gallo Wine boycott of 1973-1978 the growers towards! 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