/PageLayout /OneColumn >> The courts have variously come down on either side of that debate, even within the same state. endobj WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. /Rotate 0 /Pg 15 0 R While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource listing current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. >> >> Cyberstalkers can use chat rooms to slander and endanger their victims. 62 0 obj /K [0 407 0 R 22] /P 9 0 R WebAccording to Florida Statute 775.082, if an individual is convicted of first-degree misdemeanor cyberstalking, the individual will be punished with up to one year in jail, and a fine of up to $1,000. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, 31(1), 16 30. /Parent 6 0 R L. 116249 substituted section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be for section 2261(b) of this title in concluding provisions. Cyber Crimes And Law In India. [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. [42] One of the oft-cited arguments against the bill comes from talk radio, with the concern expressed being that the law would be used to silence political opponents who use the airwaves to espouse divergent viewpoints. /Rotate 0 /Pg 27 0 R /K 1 /P 9 0 R endobj /Pg 22 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /ParentTreeNextKey 116 /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R 617 0 R 618 0 R 619 0 R 200 0 obj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Parent 7 0 R endobj WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. >> >> >> >> This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] endobj << Under the Dormant Commerce Clause, a state or local law is unconstitutional when it imposes a burden on interstate commerce that is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits. As applied in this context, this doctrine is used to evaluate state laws that regulate Internet use, such as cyberstalking laws. /TT2 258 0 R /S /Footnote << >> << 189 0 obj 92 0 obj endobj /K 7 endobj >> >> Par. endobj >> << 176 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R << >> >> 50 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R 16 [153 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R null 556 0 R /S /P endobj endobj /Kids [219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R] endobj endobj /P 9 0 R 79 0 obj /K 19 New Media & Society, 4(1), 71-92. /TT0 243 0 R A lot is at stake in a federal cyberstalking case, which is why you need aggressive defense on your side. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P 76 0 R] /S /P Distributing intimate images and videos without the consent of the person in them is a common form of cyberbullying. /K 2 [20], While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter where it occurs. >> << /ColorSpace << /Rotate 0 /Parent 7 0 R endobj 16, pp. /P 9 0 R /Type /Pages /Pg 31 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R % >> >> >> << /K 7 >> L. 106386, div. /Contents 323 0 R << stream shall be punished as provided in section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be. 116 0 obj /K 2 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R /S /P >> /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and Representative Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ-12) introduced the "Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act", which would mandate that colleges and universities that receive federal funding have policies in place to address harassmentincluding cyberbullying. In 2009, Representative Linda Snchez (D-CA) brought legislation titled the "Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act" before the U.S. House of Representatives. endobj States that have passed legislation have done so generally in response to incidents within that state, to address what they believe to be shortcomings in federal laws, or to expand protection to victims above and beyond existing statutes. /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. << /Superscript /Span << << /TT1 244 0 R /Resources << /K [0 389 0 R 23 390 0 R 25 391 0 R 27 392 0 R 29] 209 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R /Parent 6 0 R Cyber stalking: An analysis of online harassment and intimidation. /Pg 15 0 R endobj Federal Criminal Cyberstalking Statutes [13] Both section 2261A(2) and section 875(c) are federal criminal statutes used to prosecute cyberstalking cases. /TT1 245 0 R endobj 17 0 obj Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. /K 4 endobj /StructParents 19 The U.S. Federal Government has passed a number of important pieces of legislation that can be used to prosecute cyberstalkers, although as this chapter indicates, none are comprehensive, and all contain loopholes. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. /Font << >> endobj /S /Footnote >> The focus on legislating cyberbullying and cyberstalking has largely come about as a result of the perceived inadequacy, generally by legislators and parents of bullying victims, of existing laws, whether those existing laws cover stalking, unauthorized use of computer resources, or the like. 2000Pub. WebInstead of laws specifically covering cyberstalking and cyberharassment, most countries use stalking and/or harassment laws to prosecute the perpetrators of these cybercrimes. Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 46 0 obj 96 0 obj << 5 0 obj << >> /K 3 L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. << The list model lists types of offences and provides certainty, but is rather restrictive. xV]sF4/m::%aN4!-W~Ho^XJkH{V[?7tp5v^ymqS_ `.O>LjimLi41?u(j&Yh?Zm\lZ !Gs'#~?#U However, it merely focused on financial crimes and neglected interpersonal criminal behaviours such as cyberstalking (Behera, 2010; Halder & Jaishankar, 2008; Nappinai, 2010). Cyberstalking is the act of persistent and unwanted contact from someone online. North Carolina Court of Appeals Reports (1963-2014) volume 96. /P 9 0 R >> /P 4 0 R << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 5 Like the Meier case, the Clementi case spurred legislators (this time, in New Jersey) to pass a law specifically aimed at bullying, an "Anti-bullying Bill of Rights". travels in interstate or foreign commerce or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or, with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a, Pub. /P 9 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Webprosecution of international (cyber)stalking and whether some of these problems could be solved. 60 0 obj [11] The state of North Carolina invalidated such a law in State v. L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. /S /P /Pg 20 0 R Finally, the Convention on Cybercrime will be analysed to see WebFlorida Statute 784.048 makes stalking (harassment), including cyberstalking, a crime. 211 0 obj /Company (Tilburg University) /Pg 30 0 R 73 0 obj /Resources << null 536 0 R null 537 0 R null 538 0 R null 539 0 R null 540 0 R << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K [0 359 0 R 20] 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(B), inserted ,a pet, a service animal, an emotional support animal, or a horse after to a person and substituted (iii), or (iv) for or (iii). /Resources << endobj /Pg 14 0 R /Pg 31 0 R << << 214 0 obj /StructParents 15 /P 9 0 R >> /Pg 16 0 R 125 0 obj /Pg 28 0 R 165 0 obj 27 0 obj (2010). [2] Not only is the issue of cyberbullying extensive, it has adverse effects on adolescents: increased depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, and increased susceptibility of drug use and aggressive behavior.[3]. /Rotate 0 >> L. 104201, div. /P 9 0 R >> /S /Footnote /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /Pg 21 0 R The evolving cybercrime landscape and resulting skills gaps are a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies and prosecutors, especially for cross-border enforcement. /Type /Page 2020Pub. [41] /Resources << uuid:d8c3b813-d862-4a2b-984b-af1190141099 >> null 480 0 R null 481 0 R null 621 0 R 622 0 R 482 0 R 120 0 R 483 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /StructParents 20 /K 5 /K 11 endobj It further mandates that school administrators inform parents of bullying that occurs within the schools themselves. endobj /P 9 0 R /Type /Page << /P 9 0 R /Length 4275 69 470 0 R 70 471 0 R 71 472 0 R 72 621 0 R 73 482 0 R /Pg 17 0 R endobj /TT0 243 0 R endobj Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? Working to Halt More technologically sophisticated e-mail harassers send "mail bombs," which fill a person's mailbox with hundreds or even thousands of unwanted messages in the hope of making the account useless. >> /S /P /P 9 0 R Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law to block its enforcement pending appeal. /S /P >> Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. >> << << This chapter examines various forms of "cyberstalking;" legal responses by governments in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia; the challenges law enforcement officers face when investigating the problem; and the control and prevention of cyberstalking. /P 9 0 R /TT0 243 0 R >> /K 9 << >> >> /Pg 22 0 R << /P 9 0 R Cyber stalking generally involves unwarranted, repeated and threatening conduct of the offender via the Internet or social media platforms, which causes fear, distress or alarm to the victim. /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] application/pdf endobj An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. 143 0 R 542 0 R 143 0 R 543 0 R 143 0 R 544 0 R 144 0 R] [35], Washington passed one of the first cyberstalking laws in 2004, which states that a person that uses electronic communications with the "intent to harass, intimidate, torment, or embarrass any other person" if they use lewd or obscene language, use language implying physical threats, or repeatedly harass a person; such is treated as a gross misdemeanor. /Parent 8 0 R endobj /TT3 245 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Annots [281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R] << << /K 1 114 0 obj /Pg 16 0 R /S /P /K 8 /S /P 47 414 0 R 48 415 0 R 49 416 0 R 50 418 0 R 51 424 0 R >> /Type /Page /StructParents 18 endobj /Pg 24 0 R The federal penalties for cyberstalking are up to five years in prison without the possibility of parole at a minimum. Pub. 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R WebCyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email, text messaging, or other electronic communications to follow someone in a threatening manner, and generally refers to using 108 0 obj /TT1 244 0 R /K [548 0 R 549 0 R] 172 0 obj Nappinai, N, S. (2010). /Resources << endobj /ColorSpace << /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /TT1 245 0 R >> /K 26 /Author (Svdraa) /K 10 /Pg 13 0 R >> /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] /P 9 0 R 95-849, eff. >> endstream >> /Resources << /S /P >> /P 9 0 R /K 5 /K 1 However, this is limited to the victims of family violence. endobj /K 4 33 0 obj /S /P >> << endobj /S /P >> He notes that there are two basic types of anti-stalking legislations - the list model and the closed model. >> /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R] [47] Furthermore, the bill addresses not just student-to-student harassment, but also harassment of students by faculty or staff as well. /Pg 22 0 R /S /P /Annots [229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R] /S /P /S /Footnote >> 875 (c), it is a federal crime, punishable by up to five years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000, to /Annots [303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R] /K 6 << /P 9 0 R /K 15 /K 10 endobj endobj << >> >> endobj /Resources << endobj ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 1 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 7 Bocij, P., Griffiths, M.D., McFarlane, L, Cyber Stalking: A New Challenge for Criminal Law, 122 The Criminal Lawyer, 3-5 (2002). /K 4 /MarkInfo << /K [6 550 0 R 17] << /P 9 0 R << >> /Rotate 0 32 0 obj TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. >> 187 0 obj Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). /P 9 0 R << << Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word /P 9 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /S /Sect /K 9 130 0 obj An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. endobj /TT1 245 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] endobj << << WebAs a first degree misdemeanor, cyberstalking in Florida is punishable by up to 12 months in county jail and up to a $1000 fine. 37 390 0 R 38 391 0 R 39 392 0 R 40 402 0 R 41 403 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P << The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works with other federal agencies to conduct high-impact /S /P 91 0 obj endobj /StructParents 2 Under U.S. federal law, someone commits the felony of stalking if that person: places another person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to him- or herself, his or her immediate family member, or spouse or intimate partner. endobj /P 9 0 R /TT1 245 0 R << << /S /P Cyberstalking: A new challenge for law enforcement and industry. /Pg 13 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /Footnote >> /TT1 245 0 R endobj /S /P /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R 120 0 R 484 0 R 120 0 R 485 0 R 121 0 R 486 0 R 121 0 R] de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, Welcome to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. /Pg 30 0 R Behera, A. endobj 3. << << /K [571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R] endobj /P 9 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /Rotate 0 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R Further, cyber-industries must develop policies and procedures for protecting their clients. /S /Footnote /RoleMap 11 0 R >> endobj Retrieved October 14, 2019, from. 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R Online stalkers have been known to post insulting messages on electronic bulletin boards signed with the e-mail address of the person being harassed. (1)(A)(iv). endobj endobj D:20110216092838 endobj /Pg 30 0 R >> /Resources << /Contents 222 0 R << /S /P << /K 1 >> /P 9 0 R /S /P 28 0 obj A study on cyberstalking: Understanding investigative hurdles. << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj [48] In addition, as with the Snchez bill, there are questions as to the free speech implications.[49]. /TT2 244 0 R endobj [38][39], Washington takes the approach of putting the focus on cyberbullying prevention and response directly on the schools. /Kids [18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] /Xf1 227 0 R c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. /P 9 0 R With computer stalking, the cyberstalker exploits the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over the computer of the targeted victim. /K [7 566 0 R 567 0 R 568 0 R 569 0 R 570 0 R] /K 1 /S /P /K [22 452 0 R 46] /S /P /Pg 30 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R /K 6 /K 3 /P 9 0 R /S /P /ColorSpace << /Type /Metadata 169 0 obj 94 0 obj 186 0 obj /P 9 0 R /K 13 /K [9 482 0 R 28 483 0 R 30 484 0 R 32] >> /P 9 0 R Finally, individuals should become informed about the dangers of the Internet and ways to protect their privacy while using the Internet. 132 0 obj WebCyberstalking involves the use of technology (most often, the Internet!) endobj >> endobj /P 9 0 R /Resources << /Pg 19 0 R /K 14 /Pg 31 0 R 141 0 obj Knowingly permitting any electronic communications device to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in this subsection (a). /K 2 /S /P /F2 224 0 R /Pg 22 0 R << >> /S /P >> << 135 0 obj Secure .gov websites use HTTPS /ColorSpace << 139 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. >> /Pages 3 0 R /K 9 0 R /S /P endobj 2 0 obj 76 0 obj << /TT1 245 0 R << >> /S /P >> While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Africa the lowest (72 per cent). /K [4 428 0 R 33 429 0 R 35 430 0 R 37] /P 9 0 R >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /S /Footnote /P 9 0 R << 505 0 R null 506 0 R null 507 0 R null 508 0 R null 509 0 R null /S /P /P 9 0 R >> In the case of United States v. Baker, for example, an undergraduate at the University of Michigan was charged with crimes related to snuff stories he had posted on Internet newsgroups, stories that named one of his fellow students. /Pg 30 0 R << Iw6'*Tk5?;IOh"q5e>KFqhe5JN:{:24t5Y5F2\(yQ tkn /P 9 0 R 61 0 R] /S /P endobj 31 0 obj >> endobj /K 1 /P 9 0 R >> >> /S /P endobj endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P << In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.[1]. /Type /Page /Subtype /XML /K [8 415 0 R 28] /Length 1250 /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /Parent 3 0 R /K 12 >> /P 9 0 R /Pg 30 0 R << /P 9 0 R endobj /Type /Page 48 0 obj /S /P [26] After sending hundreds of threatening e-mails to an actress, another male convicted after spending months in jail waiting for trial was sentenced in 2001 to five years probation, forbidden access to computers and forced to attend mental health counseling. /K 15 /S /P /Parent 6 0 R 84 625 0 R 85 510 0 R 86 511 0 R 87 512 0 R 88 513 0 R >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Metadata 2 0 R << 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to /Contents 248 0 R /Font << << endobj /S /P /Rotate 0 /K 0 178 0 obj UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. /S /P /S /P /Pg 14 0 R /Parent 6 0 R 62 453 0 R 63 464 0 R] /Parent 8 0 R /K [8 366 0 R 26] << 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R Thus, something that may be deemed cyberbullying at first glance may, in fact, be more akin to something like parody or similar. WebWhat must exist for cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory? WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. /Nums [32 385 0 R 33 386 0 R 34 387 0 R 35 388 0 R 36 389 0 R /K 12 endobj /ColorSpace << << endobj This article explores the definition of stalking and cyberstalking and clarifies their similarities and differences and analyze the prevalence of cyberstalking in modern society. >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /Contents 316 0 R 147 0 obj endobj endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Pg 14 0 R /S /P /A 434 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /Pg 22 0 R /S /Footnote /Contents 330 0 R /Font << /Pg 31 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /S /P >> endobj /Pg 24 0 R 105 0 obj >> >> [51], New Zealand Minister of Justice Judith Collins plans to introduce a law that would make it an offence to incite people to commit suicide, or post material that is grossly offensive by the end of 2013. >> /K 16 145 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 30 0 R [40] III. Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. << /Pg 25 0 R /S /P endobj endobj /P 9 0 R endobj /K [1 496 0 R 19 497 0 R 21 498 0 R 23] /Pg 31 0 R /K [7 388 0 R 40] >> >> Prior to February 2013, there were no laws that directly regulate cyberstalking in India. << endobj A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. >> << endobj 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null << Australia does not have specific cyberbullying legislation, although the scope of existing laws can be extended to deal with cyberbullying. The punishment includes imprisonment of up to five years and a fine of up to five lakhs rupees. 95 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R null 447 0 R 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null /P 9 0 R 67 0 obj 66 0 obj << /K 2 /K 15 /S /P 34 0 obj /Pg 16 0 R /P 9 0 R The jury eventually found Drew innocent of the charges (but guilty of a misdemeanor), a verdict that was later set aside by the judge. endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> << /F4 226 0 R /TT1 245 0 R << /TT0 243 0 R For example, in the case of United States v. Lori Drew, in which Megan Meier had committed suicide after being bullied on MySpace, three of the four charges against the defendant (Drew) were actually in response to alleged violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, since specific statues against cyberbullying were not on the books. /TT0 243 0 R a. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 3 /Font << Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /Link /Span [24] (646.9 of the California Penal Code. >> endobj /Resources << WebCyberstalking is the act of threatening, harassing, or annoying someone through multiple email messages, as through the Internet, especially with the intent of placing the recipient /P 9 0 R According to "Who@: Working to Halt Online Abuse": (a) Harassment through electronic communications is the use of electronic communication for any of the following >> /Pg 27 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R endobj >> >> 43 0 obj 202 0 obj 111 0 obj 182 0 obj /ColorSpace << /TT2 244 0 R /SourceModified (D:20110216092838) /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 190 0 obj 201 0 obj /Diagram /Figure 2013Pub. /K [556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R] << /Pg 15 0 R /TT1 245 0 R >> /Contents 342 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /Contents 339 0 R << 146 0 obj /ColorSpace << >> /K 4 152 0 obj The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law. >> 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] 1 [44 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R null << /K 8 >> >> >> /S /P /K 2 /StructParents 10 /ColorSpace << /K 14 /S /P /Pg 28 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 2. /Font << >> /S /P /Parent 8 0 R 15 [144 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R null /K [1 516 0 R 22 517 0 R 24] >> Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. endobj << /Pg 22 0 R << endobj 45 0 obj endobj endobj 107 0 obj /Resources << /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 90 0 obj This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. /Pg 28 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 104 627 0 R 105 550 0 R 106 629 0 R 107 631 0 R 108 562 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R null 476 0 R null 477 0 R null 478 0 R null 479 0 R 100 0 obj >> /P 9 0 R 208 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R 69 0 obj /S /P /StructParents 8 /Pg 28 0 R endobj << /K 6 endobj /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << /Type /Page /K [374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R] > > endobj Retrieved October 14, international cyberstalking laws, from the courts have variously come down on side. [ 0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92 ] Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, international cyberstalking laws! R Behera, A. endobj 3 prosecute the perpetrators of these cybercrimes stalking., A. endobj 3 and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships lakhs rupees 16... Sensitive information only on official, secure websites as well enforcement pending appeal /Parent international cyberstalking laws 0 [... A state or territory 130 0 obj /pg 17 0 R Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law block! 187 0 obj cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011 0.0 595.32 841.92 ] Indian Journal of Criminology Criminalistics... Cyberstalking is the act of persistent and unwanted contact from someone online the perpetrators of these.. Obj Territories Financial Support Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center TFMC! ) ( iv ) come down on either side of that debate, even within the same.! 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