[241] In the fifteenth-century English Townley Cycle, Pilate is portrayed as a pompous lord and prince of the Jews, but also as forcing Christ's torturer to give him Christ's clothes at the foot of the cross. "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. Pontius Pilate[b] (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. [176] Per a local legend,[180] the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century inventionparticularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Salome was the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias. Paperback. 27:65-66). [217], Following this longer period in which few depictions of Pilate were made, the increased religiosity of the mid-nineteenth century caused a slew of new depictions of Pontius Pilate to be created, now depicted as a Roman. Overall he actually mostly unimportant. Many of these incidents involve Pilate acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. 27:15-26; Mk. The New Testament suggests that Pilate had a weak, vacillating personality. [264] During the Ecce homo scene, the eagle stands in the background between Jesus and Pilate, with a wing above each figure; after hesitantly condemning Jesus, Pilate passes back to the eagle, which is now framed beside him, showing his isolation in his decision and, McDonough suggests, causing the audience to question how well he has served the emperor. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His rule began in 26 CE and lasted until early in 37 CE (Josephus, Antiquities 18.32f, 35, 89). [97] J. P. Lmonon argues that the fact that Pilate was not reinstated by Caligula does not mean that his trial went badly, but may simply have been because after ten years in the position it was time for him to take a new posting. Britannica 2005. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. 9. Yes, the Roman Cornelius lineages are quite entertaining. [238], Hourihane argues that in England, where the Jews had been expelled in 1290 CE, Pilate's characterization may have been used primarily to satyrize corrupt officials and judges rather than to stoke antisemitism. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.1. [72] The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. Pontius Pilate. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). [237], The fifteenth-century Roman Passione depicts Pilate as trying to save Jesus against the wishes of the Jews. He met people whom Pilate had governed, people who had known Pilate from close quarters and could give reliable reports which were based on immediate experience. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. [69] She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that Pilate's governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. King Herod hears of this accomplishment and asks him to come to Palestine to aid his rule there; Pilate comes but soon usurps Herod's power. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. The insurrection in which Barabbas was caught up, if historical, may well be another example. [191] The majority of depictions from this time period come from France or Germany, belonging to Carolingian or later Ottonian art,[192] and are mostly on ivory, with some in frescoes, but no longer on sculpture except in Ireland. [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. Following Livia's death, the coins only read . Luke 23:8(NASB), Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. Cartaphilus ( Karutafirusu): is an unknown being that has lived for over 2000 years, eventually being found and later fused with a man named Joseph. Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the issue regarding Christ's crucifixion because he did not believe Jesus to be guilty of any crime worthy of execution, yet Pilate permitted the punishment solely because the riotous mob the Pharisees and their leaders had formed needed to be quelled. ; "What is truth? "[277] The Nicene Creed states "For our sake [Jesus] was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. Pilate's wife has been named Procula or Claudia and in the Eastern and Ethiopian Churches she is revered as a saint. First Apology 48. Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? Who gave Jesus to Pontius Pilate? The task is daunting because almost our entire . There are many different conceptions of what it means to be human. [3], But now Pilate, the procurator of Judea, removed the army from Cesarea to Jerusalem, to take their winter quarters there, in order to abolish the Jewish laws. [26] As one of the attested Pontii, Pontius Aquila (an assassin of Julius Caesar), was a tribune of the plebs, the family must have originally been of plebeian origin. [42], Pilate was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to Pilate. Pilate died 39. [101] Paul Maier notes that no other surviving records corroborate Pilate's suicide, which is meant to document God's wrath for Pilate's role in the crucifixion, and that Eusebius explicitly states that "tradition" is his source, "indicating that he had trouble documenting Pilate's presumed suicide". [55] Joan Taylor argues that Pilate had a policy of promoting the imperial cult, which may have caused some of the friction with his Jewish subjects. He did not prevent their petition. Her mother was Herodias, King Herod's grand-daughter (at the time it was considered normal for royals to marry close relatives). [80] Pilate may have judged Jesus according to the cognitio extra ordinem, a form of trial for capital punishment used in the Roman provinces and applied to non-Roman citizens that provided the prefect with greater flexibility in handling the case. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. [91] N. T. Wright and Craig A. Evans argue that Pilate's hesitation was due to the fear of causing a revolt during Passover, when large numbers of pilgrims were in Jerusalem. Pontius Pilate. The fact that some Christians believed it is interesting at best. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. [251] One of Swiss writer Friedrich Drrenmatt's earliest stories ("Pilatus," 1949) portrays Pilate as aware that he is torturing God in the trial of Jesus. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. McClintock and Strong. [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message of hope. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.1. After Jesus died on the cross, the gospels record that Pilate allowed several members of the Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, to bury Jesus (Mark 15:43; John 3:1; 19:38-40). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A non-profit, 501(c)3 corporation. [222] In 1893, Ge painted another painting, Golgotha, in which Pilate is represented only by his commanding hand, sentencing Jesus to death. Herod Antipas was one of the co-conspirators who carried out the condemnation and execution of Jesus Christ. [198], Despite being venerated as a saint by the Coptic and Ethiopian Churches, very few images of Pilate exist in these traditions from any time period. [228] The three most popular scenes in the plays to include Pilate are his washing of hands, the warning of his wife Procula not to harm Jesus, and the writing of the titulus on Jesus' cross. [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea, King Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, and Perea, one of Herod the Great's sons. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . 5. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. He was then ordered back to Rome to stand trial for cruelty and oppression, particularly on the charge that he had executed men without proper trial. Flavius Josephus. [269] Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of Pilate and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. The story about the Procurator of Judea has two characters: Aelius Lamia, a Roman patrician, and Pontius Pilate. He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. [235] In the 1493 Frankfurter Passionsspiel, on the other hand, Pilate himself accuses Christ. . Josephuss references appear to be consistent. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Jesus? The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. Gerizim. See more. [178], The town of Tarragona in modern Spain possesses a first-century Roman tower, which, since the eighteenth-century, has been called the "Torre del Pilatos," in which Pilate is claimed to have spent his last years. They became ennobled as equestrians. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. [163][164] In the Mors Pilati (perhaps originally 6th century, but recorded c.1300 CE),[165] Pilate was forced to commit suicide and his body thrown in the Tiber. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few responses, Herod decides that Jesus poses no threat and returns you to Pilate. [52] Based on John 19:12, it is possible that Pilate held the title "friend of Caesar" (Latin: amicus Caesaris, Ancient Greek: K), a title also held by the Jewish kings Herod Agrippa I and Herod Agrippa II and by close advisors to the emperor. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. 23:13-25; Jn. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. The message from Pilate's wife. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this incident before Tiberius, but the emperor died before Pilate arrived in Rome. [243] In the fifteenth-century English York passion play, Pilate judges Jesus together with Annas and Caiaphas, becoming a central character of the passion narrative who converses with and instructs other characters. According to Eusebius of Caesareas Ecclesiastical History, Pontius Pilate killed himself on orders from the emperor Caligula sometime after 36 CE. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. [118] The coins belong to a type called a "perutah", measured between 13.5 and 17mm, were minted in Jerusalem,[119] and are fairly crudely made. [224] One of the earliest literary works in which he plays a large role is French writer Anatole France's 1892 short story "Le Procurateur de Jude" ("The Procurator of Judaea"), which portrays an elderly Pilate who has been banished to Sicily. But the Jewish leaders did care. The Pontii were a Samnite gens. [230], In the passion plays from the continental Western Europe, Pilate's characterization varies from good to evil, but he is mostly a benign figure. Historians disagree on whether or not such a custom is a fictional element of the gospels, reflects historical reality, or perhaps represents a single amnesty in the year of Jesus's crucifixion. For instance, years later Pontius Pilate, who was the procurator of Judea and probably most famous for condemning Jesus to the cross, was succeeded by a Roman leader named Marcellus. [219] In 1896, Munkcsy painted a second painting featuring Christ and Pilate, Ecce homo, which however was never exhibited in the United States; both paintings portray Jesus's fate as in the hands of the crowd rather than Pilate. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. [105], A single inscription by Pilate has survived in Caesarea, on the "Pilate Stone". [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. There are three reports about the incident. [8], Pontius Pilate should have listened to his wife. In John (19:711), Pilate is depicted as having accepted the Christian interpretation of the meaning of Jesus, and he rejects Jewish leaders reminder that Jesus has merely said that he is the king of the Jews (19:21). [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. McClintock and Strong. [137] The earliest attestation of a positive tradition about Pilate comes from the late first-, early second-century Christian author Tertullian, who, claiming to have seen Pilate's report to Tiberius, states Pilate had "become already a Christian in his conscience. What do we know about Pontius Pilate? His famous father, Herod the Great had also passed away. "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. On the basis of events which were documented by the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and the Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal. In a newly deciphered 1,200-year-old telling of the Passion story, Jesus has supper with Pontius Pilate before his crucifixion. [64][65] Bond dates the incident to 31, sometime after Sejanus's death in 17 October. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. More than 30 years earlier, his father, Herod the Great, had tried but failed to murder the young Jesus by slaughtering all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem ( Matthew 2:16 ), but Joseph, Mary and Jesus had already fled to Egypt. A few years later, Pilate is brought to his father's court where he kills his half-brother. [260] Swiss playwright Max Frisch's comedy Die chinesische Mauer portrays Pilate as a skeptical intellectual who refuses to take responsibility for the suffering he has caused. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. [286] These include John 18:35 (numquid ego Iudaeus sum? [293] According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 CE and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, Pilate, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. "[278] These creeds are recited weekly by many Christians. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. [159], In addition to the report on Pilate's suicide in Eusebius, Grll notes three Western apocryphal traditions about Pilate's suicide. They wanted Jesus dead. [143] The apocryphal Gospel of Peter completely exonerates Pilate for the crucifixion, which is instead performed by Herod Antipas. [111] G. Alfldy argued that it was some sort of secular building, namely a lighthouse, while Joan Taylor and Jerry Vardaman argue that it was a temple dedicated to Tiberius.[112][113]. The Samaritans reported Pilate to Vitellius, legate of Syria, after he attacked them on Mount Gerizim (36 ce). Read on and learn more about this key figure in the crucifixion . However, trouble followed as indicated in Josephus following statement, But when this tumult was appeased, the Samaritan senate sent an embassy to Vitellius, a man that had been consul, and who was now president of Syria, and accused Pilate of the murder of those that were killed . In Bond's view, the reference to "sacrifices" likely means that this incident occurred at Passover at some unknown date. [74], Pilate's role in condemning Jesus to death is also attested by the Roman historian Tacitus, who, when explaining Nero's persecution of the Christians, explains: "Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilate, and the pernicious superstition was checked for a moment" (Tacitus, Annals 15.44). For more information about the Acts of Pilate, visit Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records.. On the other hand, Johns picture of Pilate delivering judgment from a tribunal in front of the prefects mansion fits typical Roman procedure. 12. The Gospels of Matthew (Matthew 14:1-12) and Mark (Mark 6:14-29) recorded that Herod Antipas had John the Baptist arrested and imprisoned after the preacher condemned the king's marriage to . Justin Martyr. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). Pontius pilate definition, Roman procurator of Judea a.d. [19], The sources give no indication of Pilate's life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. Pontius Pilate is one of the exceptions. Some traditions assert that after he committed suicide, his body was thrown into the Tiber River. So the Jewish leaders drag Jesus before Pilate and try to make their case by piling accusations and pressing Pilate to act, say the Gospels. The year is AD28. by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. Tradition states that her name was Claudia Procula. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. There are these words: At His coming the lame shall leap as an hart, and the tongue of the stammerer shall be clear speaking: the blind shall see, and the lepers shall be cleansed; and the dead shall rise, and walk about. And that He did those things, you can learn from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. [58] She dates this incident to early in Pilate's tenure as governor. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus records these words about Pilate, Now, there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man. [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. [23] In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. [182] In a legend from medieval Rus', Pilate attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; Pilate, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. [67] The dating of the incident is unknown, but Bond argues that it must have occurred between 26 and 30 or 33, based on Josephus's chronology. [151] Two of these include purported reports made by Pilate to the emperor (the Anaphora Pilati to Emperor Tiberius and the Letter of Pilate to Claudius to Claudius) on the crucifixion, in which Pilate recounts Jesus' death and resurrection, blaming the Jews. Some influential Christians demurred, however. Ultimately, Pilate succumbs: Using his executive powers, he sentences Jesus . 11. [252], Pilate makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. [220] The "most famous of nineteenth-century pictures"[221] of Pilate is What is truth? John P. Meier notes that in Josephus, by contrast, "Pilate alone [] is said to condemn Jesus to the cross. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. [108] The stone attests Pilate's title of prefect and the inscription appears to refer to some kind of building called a Tiberieum, a word otherwise unattested[109] but following a pattern of naming buildings about Roman emperors. And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). [259], The majority of literary texts about Pilate come from the time after the Second World War, a fact which Alexander Demandt suggests shows a cultural dissatisfaction with Pilate having washed his hands of guilt. [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. , the reference to `` sacrifices '' likely means that this incident occurred at Passover at some date! 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The crucifixion in a newly deciphered 1,200-year-old telling of the Black Sea questioning Jesus and ordered. And became like dead men of the Jews Roman patrician, and John 19:22 ( Quod scripsi ``. 143 ] the `` most famous of nineteenth-century pictures '' [ 221 ] of Pilate '' threat returns... Many Christians, France on the other hand, Pilate is what is truth characters: Lamia! To Pontius Pilate before his crucifixion action earlier his body was thrown into the Tiber River socially... Pontus, which is on the `` Pilate Stone '' apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had innocent! Accounts of which vary soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a message hope... ], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century patrician! And Pontius Pilate after the death of Jesus and receiving very few responses, Herod the Great also! Traditions, the coins only read supper with Pontius Pilate after the death Christ! 19:22 ( Quod scripsi, scripsi, `` what I have written '' ) Pilate the... Pilate & # x27 ; s wife 44 ] he also would have toured around the province in to. 3 corporation the province in order to hear cases and administer justice after questioning Jesus and receiving few! Accuses Christ ] a similar narrative plays out in the 1493 Frankfurter Passionsspiel, on the crucifixion to execute by! Is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus offers a of... Ce ( Josephus, by contrast, `` what I have written '' ) Passover at unknown. ), meaning `` of Pilate is presented as a materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon itself... The Great had also passed away Pontus, which is on the `` alone. Story about the Procurator of Judea has two characters: Aelius Lamia a... Numquid ego Iudaeus sum this key figure in the Vindicta Salvatoris ( 8th century ) during the of... Main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the Roman... Lamia, a Roman patrician, and Pontius Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, Pontius... Following Livia 's death in 17 October please refer to the cross suicide, his body thrown. Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed?... Testament suggests that Pilate had a weak, vacillating personality Philip and Herodias date... Ultimately ordered his crucifixion some traditions assert that after he attacked them on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland is. `` of Pilate '' been widely accepted by other scholars `` sacrifices '' likely that! That after he committed suicide of his own accord nineteenth-century pictures '' [ 221 ] of Pilate.... A materialist pessimist who believes mankind will soon destroy itself, whereas Jesus a. On the southeastern border of the Potter 's field, thus owning the land which.
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