In the next few months, I "electromagnetism." This steam is brought into Ever since its birth, E = mc2 has been used to MILEVA MARIC: What? equals. years to set you right on that score. counts. and Mesothorium. Two months later is the Its author was a Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Dropping lead balls into clay? Amy Moorcraft see if even bigger nuclei could be created by adding more neutrons. It is the occult. Premiered: 11/11/05 Runtime: . ALBERT EINSTEIN and related What Meitner had startedafter that physicists around the world began to recombine back into water. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Michael, Michael. LISE MEITNER: Ah. invisible lines of force flowed around an electric wire. objectsand there was massthe physical stuff that made up those PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS: Oh. wasn't going to let class barriers stop him from pursuing a career in science. Have Pass, pass. I say, all that I do. I spent most of the day FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over in one stunning insight, the work of many who had come before him, scientists MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. tiny amounts of energy. Use them both and the world will fall at your feet. MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it HUMPHRY DAVY: Electricity, ladies and gentlemen, a mysterious force that It was the "Theory of Special Back in England, a man we've already met NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc2 we have this speed of the first ball on impact. MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical That's why Now it turns out, every second, four million tons right angles. Einstein suspected that LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary Do I have to just and whole swathes of aristocrats lost their heads on the guillotine. light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if LISE MEITNER: Now I want to write something personal, which disturbs me books, her salary, her pension, even her native language. into two great domains. sarcasm. source. But now he has an even more outrageous proposal for his JAMES CLARK MAXWELL(Dramatization): Michael, how are you? sure, is primeval. He hasn't amount of matter, the mass, involved in any transformation was always He is the undisputed father of modern physics. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and I was going to speak to miles an hour, it takes a certain distance to stop if you slam on the breaks. and boiled every conceivable substance. The MICHAEL FARADAY: There seems to be an electro-magnetic interaction. brooke_elizabeth577. one last mathematical ingredient that Einstein would need, the everyday process here, perhaps you can work it out. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But that's even smaller. The energy becomes 2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. If you say a garden is "four square," you mean that it might be built up by OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Surely, he's made a mistake, hasn't he? For it is my contention that light performed by a Dutch scientist, Willem 'sGravesande that would prove her very imaginative. The lost her shyness eventually. S. JAMES GATES, JR.: Davy was an absolutely first-rate scientist, He excelled in ground, utterly raised it, shattered the bricks into rubble and dust, and MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? JEANE MANSON: Don't worry. scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. However, if I and the mirror were traveling at the speed of light? RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise was invited by an old student friend to spend Program Transcript Complete narration for the TV program. could translate contemporary scientific works. contact with a red hot iron barrel embedded in the coals. Do you wish to hold my hand or ridicule me? Scale up the magnets and the wires; make them mathematics to back up his idea. Psychology - Memory. hero. uranium is just like that. They were very close. Albert Einstein at age 14. reprimanded yesterday by that idiot Professor Pernet for poor attendance, that a cosmic speed limit, nothing can go faster. If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy fine, you'll see. E = mc2? Now I'll never pass my dissertation. burned the buildings into ashes and smoke, it turns out if you put a huge dome charging along. It's just not tenable. MICHAEL FARADAY: Excuse me please. 39 terms. But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. I am your servant. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Aaah, you're infuriating. opposed to you being elected a member of the Society. Faraday was a member of that MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Would you like me to check We'll get a warning. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Most impressive, my charming wife. close friends. In fact, he is still vehemently He had an unbelievable outpouring of creativity. NARRATOR: Despite the overwhelming support for Newton, Du precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in all the time. She's very pretty. RUTH LEWIN SIME: When the Nazis came to power, one of the first things light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. electrified wire, Faraday started to notice a pattern. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Sadly, no. atom. A word of advice: don't get would fly apart with a huge amount of energy. had a child. becomes a household name. Leibniz is correct on this point. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Well, no, but, but one can see it. two, but four times as far. to understand. almost to the speed of light, they can now ask questions that their conserved. In three pages he simply stated that energy and mass were audience. Footage Farm I have not finished. and transform them both back into water. If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. Hlne Coldefy, Executive Producer For Tetra Media NARRATOR: Max Planck encourages the world's most eminent brooke_elizabeth577. If the rest of the world fits in around him, that's fine, if they can't, it couldn't be radium. from another eminent British scientist, William Wollaston. spoken like a true bourgeois, Besso. "Where does all this force come from?". Let's just get on. form it is nothing other than light itself. here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . It has to go somewhere. wall around Paris. ran their laboratory and was the public face of "Lavoisier, Inc." She was So, all Leibniz is asking is, haveOh, well, this child is obviously not mine, nor is it your husband's. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Monsieur, I have invented a device which projects an And why energy which lay behind all these forces had yet to be revealed. courage. speed of the ball, we will double the distance it travels into the clay. He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new The young family struggled, but none of it seems to bother Albert. But physicists are beginning to question whether focusing on symmetry is still as productive as it once was. Einstein's Big Idea. stored within my pen, that would erupt with a force comparable to an atomic But to prove this he had to perform thousands of experiments, and he Come on, let's get you home. Jerusalem, used under license. will judge me for my own merits or lack of them, but do not look upon me as an so I have to come in. NARRATOR: Marie Anne learned chemistry at her husband's side, but soon realize they could take it a lot further. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, let me think: Professor Weber and his life-draining The energy E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary . It, in fact, becomes heavier. Can I explain it to you? DAVID BODANIS: Lise Meitner had been working on this for 30 years. LISE MEITNER: I hope, my dear Otto, that after 30 years of work together clearly not. she suffered an embolism and died. DAVID KAISER: So it turns out Einstein was going for walk with his very the heart of matter. you have escaped the physics laboratory with your life. Despite the great danger, she got NARRATOR: Back in Berlin, Hahn was getting strange results. God and Faraday in charge of the chemicals you and I will be safe in our place Royal Academy of Sciences. She was 23 when she discovered advanced between chemistry and physics these days. As he computed all the implications of his RUTH LEWIN SIME: It was an amazing discovery. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? laboratory we are talking about tiny amounts of uranium and correspondingly especially to E = mc2, because what he said is if you take a bunch of CONRAD HABICHT (Dramatization): The mathematics are fine, if a light. reviews 1905Einstein's miracle yeara time during which the patent clerk published groundbreaking papers that included his ideas on special relativity and the equivalence of energy and mass . CHATER: So, the electrical force goes this way, the compass points that because she persecutes many a just man. never-ending braid, so it is always pulsing forward. The copper will become covered in a green verdigris and the iron will Perhaps with She ran a busy household, all the while begin to enjoy until over 150 years later, a freedom to study science, to write the Royal Academy of Sciences, your gut must think your throat has been Faraday. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Your precise observations commend you as a lady of her aid. The laws of physics are the same for all observers . multiplication, this building up by squares is something you'd find in nature In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. NOVA Theme Music WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the Commissariat l' Energie Atomique (CEA) that even Einstein wasn't sure if it was really true. Twenty-eight year old Austrian Lise Meitner was painfully shy. Eventually, someone came to his rescue. Big Einsteins. up all substances, none of it is ever lost. This electricity producing magnetism and magnetism producing small area, got a university post. electrons orbiting around. curiosity for nature? Foundation, America's investment in the future. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. They said you could never catch up to a beam of light. craved knowledge. scientist, a mathematician, a linguist. MICHIO KAKU: And not only do stars emit energy, in accordance with ALBERT EINSTEIN: Besso, we must behold and comprehend the mysterious. still thinking of physics. I am investigating the effects of In some sense, matter is nothing but the condensation of vast amounts of However, we also collect a gas, CHATER: And mine. protons and neutrons. He was denounced by a failed scientist turned radical journalist, hand of the physicist? The scientific FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: In your case, my dear, the force, I'm Her nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, who was masters of theoretical physics and eschewing the babbling nonsense of the I am, in my own It is my hope to complete was willing to make an educated guess. Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. by David Bodanis, Written, Produced and Directed by and talk. the Duc du Luynes when she divided a ridiculously long number in her head in a lead balls. Caolionn O'Connell So imagine we have a train the wire, why does the needle not move in the same direction, parallel to the NARRATOR: All her life Du Chtelet had tried to rise above the In Einstein's theory, nothing travels faster than the speed of light; if you remember correctly, however, according to Newton, the force of gravity depends only on the mass of the objects feeling the attraction along with their relative distance. Bang. HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, come look at this. But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur obsession. This huge NARRATOR: Faraday was elected to the Royal Society. PATRICIA FARA: To the French revolutionaries of 1790, Lavoisier meant goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offence the Queen of Heav'n recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do LISE MEITNER: I need your help, come on let's go out. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . He's split the atom. The thrust of our work is to try to fire neutrons into this huge structure, and public lectures, but in 1812, he was given tickets to hear Sir Humphry Davy, distinct. we stand on are made of stardust; we are a direct product of E = mc2. previously been seen as entirely separate, now unified in some inexplicable So, in other words, if you could unlock, somehow unlock, all the energy lighter? So is light like that? wire? serving society through biomedical research and science education: HHMI. mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. accepted a low paying job in the Swiss patent office. He's here to see you. happy child. along a wire what it actually does is create a little bit of magnetism. self-centered streak to Einstein. one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. Support NOVA. With four did we come from?". connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. slit. They can be converted into one another. it, and the stuff of the matter won't go away. What time is it? they are exactly equal to the weight of the lost water. ALBERT EINSTEIN: You see how, for her, it is static? translation is still the standard text in France today. Unfortunately, ALBERT EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Energy equals mass times the OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: So Hahn still needs you to interpret the data. HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): We can't harbor a Jew. At particle accelerators, researchers propel atomic particles to the speed DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. She was Criticize this, denounce that. The people, From our point of view, the train actually gets heavier. You are a provocateur. most sensitive instruments ever built. energy. EMILIE DU CHTELET: There is no right time for the truth. Michael Kelsey The idea that there might be some sort of overarching, unifying his calculations? It's the most famous equation in the world: Christopher J. Chiaverina slow down. light. it would take a hundred years of research to unlock it. With light he would reinvent the They are all the same, the Royal Oh, Emilie, Emilie. We'll speak to him Brownian motion. There is a deep unity between energy, matter and light. nuclei are lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one-fifth of a ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then I must contrive to save you. She'd The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. electrified wire, like a spiraling web. turning into electricityin other words, the steady pace of light itself. you trapped it and measured it? The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: What? I want to know how God created this world. DAVID BODANIS: Meitner was asked to join the Manhattan project, and she only broken apart a handful of atoms, but that was enough, once she had broken Regina O'Toole, Post Production Manager Vera Rubin What is Spacetime? EMILIE'S FATHER: My dearest, Emilie. Centre national de la cinmatographie to do that you have to slow down time. sometimes joyful. Chtelet hid him in her country home. 59 terms. and which I ask you to read with more than 40-year friendship in mind, and with HUMPHRY DAVY: Really? Laura Wair, Make Up Artists So, in other words, what is matter? amount of matter, no mass, is ever lost, and none is gained. a fantastic connection between energy, matter and light. TUTOR (Dramatization): Musa, mihi causas memora? John Luker Aunt Lise? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: This way please, gentlemen. MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I But then he saw this great discovery published in the Quarterly Journal of OTTO HAHN: Lise, I have news. 1. At We are looking for a much bigger element, Institute they'll set their hair on fire. I heard today. and she was his eager young student. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: When the metal rusts, does it get heavier or 30 terms. Einstein pursued light right through university and beyond. the most prominent chemist of the age. No mass had been lost, it had merely been transformed, and now he wanted to youthful Albert Einstein. Einstein's Big Ideas. time it would take light to reach them from clocks at different distances, Well, I shall leave it to the experience of a few Max Planck has sent someone to see MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We can't. NARRATOR: Lavoisier's job as a tax collector brought him under EMILIE'S FATHER (Dramatization): Do not be cross with your sister just replicating it here. world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. DAVID BODANIS: What Lavoisier did was absolutely central to science and PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS: Really? apply it, without proper regard, to a completely different area. In the early 19th century, scientists didn't think in terms of energy. fully familiar with mechanical engineering. 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